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Using a VPN is a great way to protect your internet traffic when you are traveling, but it's not a solution for encrypting your local files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shot's iPhone, they asked Apple for a back door to get beyond the encryption. But no such back door existed, and Apple refused to create one. The FBI needed to hire hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Because the moment a back door or similar hack is different, it becomes a goal, a prize for the bad guys. It will leak sooner or later. In a discussion at Black Hat last summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic disclosed the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update them, but the poor guys can't get in either. .

Each of the products in this roundup explicitly state that they have no rear door, and that is as it should be. It does mean that in the event you encrypt an essential document and then forget that the encryption password, then you've lost it for good.

Back in the day, in the event that you wanted to keep a document key you could use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you could lock it up in a protected. The two main approaches in encryption utilities parallel with these options.

One type of product simply procedures files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of themselves. Another creates a virtual disk drive that, when open, behaves like any other drive on your system. When you lock the virtual drive, all the files that you put into it's completely inaccessible. .

Like the digital drive solution, some products save your encrypted information in the cloud. This approach demands extreme care, obviously. Encrypted data in the cloud has a far bigger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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Which is better It actually depends on how you plan on using encryption. If you're not sure, take advantage of the 30-day free trial provided by each one of these products to have a feel for the different options.

Once you copy a file into protected storage, or create an encrypted version of it, then you definitely need to wipe the unencrypted original. Just deleting it isn't sufficient, even in the event websites that you bypass the Recycle Bin, since the information still exists on disk, and data retrieval utilities can often get it back. .

Some encryption products prevent this problem by encrypting the file in location, literally overwriting it on disc using an encrypted version. It's more common, though, to offer secure deletion as an option. If you select something that lacks this feature, you should find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting information before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based recovery tools. Hardware-based forensic retrieval works since the magnetic recording of data on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It is more of a waveform. In simple terms, the procedure involves nulling out the known data and reading around the borders of what's left.

An encryption algorithm is like a black box. Dump a document, image, or other file into it, and you get back what sounds like gibberish. Run that gibberish back via the box, with the exact same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has depended on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and every one the products gathered here support AES. Even those try this web-site that support other algorithms tend to recommend using AES.

If you are an encryption specialist, you might prefer another algorithm, Blowfish, perhaps, or the Soviet government's GOST. For the average user, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you have to keep them secret, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you get two keys. One is public; you can share it with anyone, register it in an integral exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you like. Another is private, and should be carefully guarded. If I want to send you a key document, I simply encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this program in reverse, you can make an electronic signature that proves your document came from you and hasn't been modified. How Just encrypt it with your private key. The fact your public key decrypts it is all the evidence you need. PKI support is less common than support for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to share a document with someone and your encryption application doesn't support PKI, there are other options for sharing. Many products allow creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You may also find that the recipient can use a free, decryption-only tool.